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As we celebrate Black History Month, we take this time to reflect on the profound contributions of Black nurses to modern medicine. Their stories, often overlooked, are filled with courage, sacrifice, and groundbreaking work that has transformed healthcare. One such remarkable chapter unfolds at Sea View Hospital in Staten Island, New York.
In the early 20th century, tuberculosis (TB) ravaged New York City, claiming thousands of lives annually. In 1905, the city opened Sea View Hospital, then one of the largest TB hospitals in the country, chosen for its location offering what was believed to be the only cure at the time: sun and sea air. Despite these efforts, TB remained highly infectious. By the 1930s, fear of contracting the disease led to a dwindling number of white nurses willing to care for Sea View's patients.
Facing a critical staffing shortage, administrators turned to a dedicated workforce previously marginalized due to racism — Black nurses. Initially recruiting from the Lincoln School for Nurses in the Bronx and the Harlem Hospital School of Nursing, Sea View later expanded its search nationwide during the 1950s as the Great Migration brought Black nurses from the Jim Crow South seeking fair wages and better opportunities.
These nurses walked into what was grimly referred to as the "pest-infested house" where, as the saying went, "no one left alive." They worked 16-hour shifts, lived on the hospital grounds, and endured significant community ostracization. Despite facing discrimination both within and outside the hospital, they showed up every day with compassion, professionalism, and an unwavering commitment to their patients.
Tragically, some even contracted TB themselves, with a few paying the ultimate price.
Among these courageous caregivers were the "Black Angels," a group of seven African American nurses who played a pivotal role in the groundbreaking clinical trials of isoniazid, the first drug to cure TB. Their patients, grateful for their kindness and dedication, gave them this name. In 1951, the Black Angels administered isoniazid to the first 92 patients, meticulously observing physical and emotional changes, documenting side effects, and collaborating closely with doctors. Their relentless efforts contributed to a medical breakthrough that changed the trajectory of tuberculosis treatment worldwide. Dr. Robitzek, a leading figure in the trials, acknowledged their invaluable role, stating, "Had it not been for the Black nurses, none of this would have been possible."
Two remarkable nurses stand out among the Black Angels:
Virginia Allen: Arriving at Sea View Hospital in 1947 at just 16 years old, Virginia Allen was inspired by her aunt, Edna Sutton-Ballard. Despite her youth, she quickly became known for her compassion and keen attention to detail. Virginia played an essential role in documenting patient reactions during the isoniazid trials and providing comfort to those battling TB. Her dedication extended beyond her early years, and today, at 92, she still resides in what was once the nurses' residence at Sea View—a living testament to her lifelong commitment to nursing and patient care.
Edna Sutton-Ballard: Serving over two decades at Sea View, Edna faced immense challenges, including working under a white supervisor who refused to allow masks, believing it would make nurses complacent. Her work was grueling—she assisted in chest surgeries where ribs were removed and lungs were collapsed using wax packs or ping pong balls. Despite these harrowing conditions, Edna’s perseverance never wavered. Her courage and dedication not only saved lives but also inspired her niece Virginia and countless others to pursue nursing careers rooted in compassion and resilience.
For decades, the stories of the Black Angels and their invaluable contributions remained hidden from history books. That silence has finally been broken thanks to author Maria Smilios and her compelling book, The Black Angels. Through meticulous research, including interviews, personal letters, medical records, and hospital publications, Smilios brings to light the true stories of these extraordinary nurses, ensuring they receive the recognition they so rightly deserve.
This Black History Month, we invite you to reflect on the sacrifices and achievements of the Black Angels and the countless other Black nurses who have shaped healthcare. Their legacy reminds us of the power of courage, compassion, and perseverance in the face of adversity.
Join Us:
Learn more: Read The Black Angels by Maria Smilios and be inspired by the resilience and heroism of these unsung heroes.
Reflect: How can we honor the contributions of Black nurses today and ensure their stories are never forgotten?
Act: Advocate for diversity, equity, and inclusion in healthcare settings, ensuring all nurses receive the respect and recognition they deserve.
At CODE YOU, we believe in celebrating the rich history of nursing and honoring the hearts and souls of those who have paved the way. This Black History Month, let's remember, reflect, and continue the work of those who came before us.
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